This review (open access) covers food fraud in a wider context, including macro-economic motivation and opportunities for fraud. The review has a particular focus on the Halal food sector within Islamic countries and communities. After a discussion of modern “big data” analytical methods, such as spectroscopy and sequencing, it goes on to discuss point-of-use and real time testing approaches, sensors and internet-of-things, and predictive modelling It concludes with the challenges in scaling some of these approaches, including inter-operability and data sharing, and makes a number of recommendations for capacity building in this field. The authors propose a systems-level roadmap to bridge scientific innovation with regulatory and industrial application.
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